Each electronic scale has an integrated load cell that ensures that a weight can be measured. A strain gauge is a type of sensor which measures the strain and force on an item. DCell is a miniature version for direct fitting inside the sensor. When steel cylinder is subjected to a force, it tends to change in dimension. 0000125249 00000 n Principle of Strain gauge load cell. 0000000016 00000 n 4 0 obj 0000284962 00000 n C��HY�ۼ��p�}��ޤY�BC�j��T�b�x�Gl�\ �S潬0�Ǝ�M감�~m�61���ZL�}��D�g�H�]O�cl�d�wqH��%�;u �01��m� I��F?0�b�ĭ8�;�q %%EOF The force being measured must be applied to the thread along the … H�\�ˊ�@@���Zv/�$Uu�z@�-����Ĥtcb\��S�&�pR��s�M^�6���U�c�}�ձ��)\���u���J�ڮ����s=fy��.s8���-*�/�tS/�v8��,�>�a���z�]�_U�����p�� View Datasheet Bending Beam Load Cell -- SIWAREX WL230 BB from ... CM series load cells are strain gauge transducers used to measure loads in static and dynamic applications, in compression, with high accuracy. 0000285022 00000 n The strain gauges are wired into the Wheatstone Bridge circuits and, its application areas include onboard signal conditioning units, excitation power supplies, and the telemetry necessary to read in site measurements. strain gauges are integrated into a single reading, elim inating the switch box, multiple readings, and averag-ing normally associated with other types of center-hole load cells. The Model 123 load cell combines both a compact form and high precision to offer a superior tension force transducer. The one-piece S-shaped design achieves a maximum non-linearity of 0.03 % full scale for load ranges from 1000 kg to 20000 kg. All gauges have 30mm integral leads to alleviate damage to the gauges due to excessive heat being applied during soldering and installation. 0000001867 00000 n << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The measuring is done with very small resistor patterns called strain gauges - effectively small, flexible circuit boards. For more information about setting up the four single strain gauges with the combinator, check out the combinator's hardware hookup for the HX711. ... Data Sheet English KMR - Datenblatt German KMR - Prospetto dati Italian KMR - データシート ... Strain Gauges. The four wires coming out from the wheatstone bridge on the load cell are usually: • Excitation+ (E+) or VCC is red • Excitation- (E-) or ground is black. 0000043445 00000 n stream 0000001901 00000 n This is the same layout that you would find in say your home scale. endstream endobj 51 0 obj [70 0 R] endobj 52 0 obj <>stream 85 0 obj <>stream The gauge sticks to an item as it deforms the electrical resistance changes, this particular change can also be known as the “gauge factor”. 0000100633 00000 n Find supplier datasheets for Strain Gauges on GlobalSpec. 0000005238 00000 n In General, each load cell has four strain gauges that are hooked up in a wheatstone bridge formation as shown above. 0000001739 00000 n 0000285202 00000 n Ideal for all strain gauge bridge based sensors including load, weight, force, torque, pressure and displacement, the device simply plugs into your PC where data can be acquired and manipulated by accompanying software. 0000100879 00000 n Strain gauges are measuring elements that convert force, pressure, tension, etc. Load cell strain gauge A strain gauge load cell can be manufactured in a variety of configurations to measure compression, tension or bi-directional forces. x՝˲$�q���e/=d����/(R��AR9A.$-����Hs�Ps��o�z?�6������u��p���>�F'�D�\���o�?ק~�c��c�4ݾ=�}�?t��~y[]��?��US߼���W7��o{-��8ʇP骛���O�A+�Ǔ���'Oں��|W���Q���/���Bs>���C��}�Pm�C{��C[���4�ډ��p8�'7��ՏJ��iw~[�|��n���G:�9���q?��N�&�:��N���xZ�������{�� ��t��������WG��|S���8ֻ�GZA��ݣ�߷�s�ݱ��3B&̤F&�?-�_�'�=��}I�$��#��ݧ����C����|�HY7�^6�h�B���T��i?� j4��0,ƒ�@7�C�3�Y'g� The 7 digit LCD display has peak and valley hold facilities. Strain gages are applied to the flexural diaphragms in the load cell are strain gages (DMS) and deliver a bridge output voltage . The Izze-Racing 24-Bit ADC-to-CAN Amplifier is specifically designed to excite, amplify, and measure the voltage signal from a strain gauge or load cell, and output the measured voltage via CAN with class-leading precision, accuracy, temperature compensation, and noise performance. This change in dimension of the strain gauge causes its resistance to change. Digital load cell converter for strain gauge sensors such as pressure transducers, load cells and torque sensors allowing direct connection to PLC’s, dataloggers & displays. Shunt calibration is the known electrical unbalancing of a strain gauge bridge by means of a fixed resistor that is placed, or “shunted,” across one leg of the bridge. 0000124877 00000 n The data sheet supplied with your strain gauge provides valuable product information, e.g. This transducer converts a mechanical force, such as tension, compression or pressure into a measurable electrical output. endstream endobj 53 0 obj <> endobj 54 0 obj <> endobj 55 0 obj <>stream Force Sensors. 33 0 obj <> endobj Data Sheet Data Pack E IssuedMarch 2002 1502325957 Strain gauges and load cells Strain gauges Two ranges of foil strain gauges to cover general engineering requirements for strain analysis. Tag: strain gauge load cell datasheet. Datasheet Download Manual. Data Acquisition Software. Calibration modes are auto, mv/v table or digital gain and offset. Load Cells. The gauges are bonded onto a beam or structural member that deforms when weight is … These load cells are available with different output signals: unamplified analog (mV / V), amplified (V, mA), digital (RS-232, RS-485, USB, fieldbus), or wireless. A load cell (sometimes called a load cell transducer or load sensor) is a force gauge that consists of a transducer. 0000004633 00000 n the strain gauge's temperature response. 0000010548 00000 n directly proportional to the measurand during concentric load application. Strain Gauge Load Cells are ideally suited for measuring loads in rock bolts, cable anchors and tendons, structural beams, piles, loads between tunnel supports and loads in pull-out tests on trial anchors. 0000071206 00000 n 0000007711 00000 n In addition, SENSY’s structure and flexibility enables it to offer custom-made force transducers to meet the most demanding requirements. 0000002797 00000 n �y|�Q�Zļ��]����yU@"�|�?h�8c2�_����|~��b�F�qqq �r������ Interface with PLC, PC, AC/DC or Servo Drive Output is capable of interfacing with PLC, PC, AC/DC or Servo Drive. The range covers strain gages with nominal resistances of 120, 350, 600 and 700 ohms. Menu ≡ ╳ Home Products Products Overview High Power DC/DC Converters ( >500 watts ) Mid-Range Power DC/DC Converters ( 100 – 500 watts ) 0000101376 00000 n When the cell is subjected to load, the strain gauges change Strain gauges are useful for projects when you need to measure pressure, force, weight, and tension. 0000008586 00000 n Strain-gauge load cells convert the load acting on them into electrical signals. A�\���Ĥ�mb\��S'���Oc����J�;�];������0�s�5c�����.m�d�k�z��4���jHҸ���M�z��}R�.�/ަ��6M They consist of a Stainless Steel cylindrical housing with up to 16 resistance strain gauges in a Wheatstone Bridge configuration. Our strain sensor, model XT50, is used to measure elongation in structures in such applications as on-board weighing, vehicle stability control and elevator overload systems. 0000285082 00000 n Up to four load cells can be connected this way. On this cylinder, if the strain gauges are bonded, the strain gauge also is stretched or compressed, causing a change in its length and diameter. The strain gauge amplifier is a purpose designed hybrid, low noise, low drift, linear dc amplifier in a 24 pin DIL package, specifically configured for resistive bridge measurement and in particular the strain gauges detailed earlier in this data sheet. 0000003194 00000 n Shunt Calibration of a Strain Gauge Load Cell. εt=[(αg/K)+(βs-βg)] t. In this formula αgand βgrefer to the resistance temperature coefficient of the grid material and the linear expansion coefficient of the strain gauge. �� L Dual Axes Load Cell using sputtered thin film technology to create a compact sensor with long term stability, capable of sensing forces on two axes US: (203) 294-5800 EU: +44 (0)1284 852 000 x�bb=������� ̀ ��@Q���7\9=�X�\ 6��ى�a'�N�{�]� ��.ػp{��c�nn�nn�nn�nn�nn�nn�=x���呥�Aу2K���Rd)�Y�,E�2K���Rd){P���Aу�A��o(��~�(�Q���Gя�Y�l��Џ���o�7�� �F�����o�7�� �Fg�������|���-�p��!��@}��xp_綾�c�8�m��$C?�� 0000011191 00000 n %PDF-1.3 The resistance of a strain gage is defined as the electrical resistance measured between the two metal ribbons or contact areas intended for the connection of measurement cables. You cannot find your data sheet? The amplifier measure's differential voltages with a resolution of 1µV and RMS noise of only ±750nV at a sampling frequency of … 0000002339 00000 n Enter the production batch number of your strain gauge - and you will instantly receive the appropriate data sheet for download. The gauges are bonded onto a beam or structural member that deforms when weight is applied, in turn deforming the strain-gauge. The Izze-Racing 24-Bit ADC-to-CAN Amplifier is designed to measure the voltage signal from a strain gauge or load cell with class-leading precision & ultra-low noise, and outputs the raw voltage, temperature, and user-calibrated output with advanced temperature compensation via CAN. Strain gauges are fixed to the structural load-bearing components to measure stresses along load paths for wing deflection or deformation in an aeroplane. GAGE FACTOR (STRAIN SENSITIVITY) Strain-gauge load cells convert the load acting on them into electrical signals. 0000011666 00000 n 0000006830 00000 n This gives us the following equation: For strain measurements, the resistances R 1 and R 2 must be equal in the Wheatstone bridge. 0000005491 00000 n 0000002399 00000 n 0000220398 00000 n 0000006719 00000 n The PSD load cell or strain gauge handheld display combines extremely high resolution and low power with the convenience of a handheld display and keypad. Since the MonoDAQ-U-X comes with native support for strain gauge load cells all we need to do is select the strain gauge option from the channel 1 function drop-down menu. 0000006606 00000 n Torque Sensors. Additionally, these load cells offer an IP65 protection rating and features four M3 sized through-holes for … trailer Measuring Instruments. Excitation is automatically set to 5V which is the standard for most strain gauge load cells. The same applies to R 3 and R 4. 0000004386 00000 n endstream endobj 49 0 obj <> endobj 50 0 obj <>stream l>�'*@��M�"��, �, l�#70\a�a0c�g0w+��)�x��������5A�Pc/�5�M|��s�ɉ��jm�4�z���!�Q�emT�㺾%z��8�t@�X���Y��HX��������H+0����� 1dO� These load cells have four strain gauges that are hooked up in a wheatstone bridge formation. The display is TEDS enabled for automatic sensor calibration. ~#G��n��"#g����r���Y���O���r�33�33�33�33�33E� H��S�O�0~�_q��D�;�v��e����D$�BQkڮI#�t���qiА�p�s?�����~2�B�H�6�v��j�3���]UB\��3�,j��n9'�@�n�/��ݚ����a��c��:���&=. Note that this is just the load cell, no ADC or converter is included! ��wݾ�n;�҈�I�'�ggP�� Qh�� This setup can also be used with the NAU7802. 0 0000127668 00000 n 0000008133 00000 n 33 53 endstream endobj 34 0 obj <>/Outlines 16 0 R/Metadata 31 0 R/Pages 30 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 35 0 obj <> endobj 36 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 37 0 obj [38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R] endobj 38 0 obj <>/A 79 0 R/H/N/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 39 0 obj <>/A 80 0 R/H/N/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 40 0 obj <>/A 81 0 R/H/N/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 41 0 obj <>/A 82 0 R/H/N/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 42 0 obj <>/A 83 0 R/H/N/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 43 0 obj <>/A 84 0 R/H/N/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 47 0 obj <> endobj 48 0 obj <>stream With a preset strain, the resistance of the strain gauge changes by the amount ΔR. Easy integration. The amplifier measure’s differential voltages with a resolution of 1µV and RMS noise of only ±750nV at a sampling … KMR force washers based on strain gauges offer a low drift and compact design. %��������� Semi-Conductor Based Strain Gauge Load Cells measure compressive and tensile loads in rock bolts, cable anchors and tendons. xref 0000001356 00000 n Multiple load cells. �� ԏ�f 0000124625 00000 n A load is applied to a strain gauge, which causes the gauge to strain a certain amount and output a voltage proportional to the applied load. S Bharadwaj Reddy April 14, 2017 August 22, 2019. startxref 0000006065 00000 n A load cell is an application of strain measurements relating to weight measurement. 0000002928 00000 n We also carry it in 5 Kg, 10 Kg, and 20 Kg. �I�cl��v��gw|v��>���-�z�p���U���\:/{94�z;=^��������e� ����Xu�����X��->�I�����N����2Ǐ��ٓ=xI^�W�xCހ��-xGށ��=��� A rugged ABS IP50 enclosure makes the DSCUSB suitable for all environments. <<739BDB2918E8574D91013DB86627FA4C>]>> 0000004258 00000 n Single load cell. 0000003061 00000 n ޅH̓~4�AX��O�a��uCcj��Xa�U��f>������Ei��O�%�l�:���n�a@���z��ר���|���S����. 0000285262 00000 n 0000009967 00000 n As the strain gauge Strain Gauge Load Cells measure compressive and tensile loads in rock bolts, cable anchors and tendons. %PDF-1.4 %���� Strain gauge data sheets: Download via the production batch number. �(�X�c(�. �\�6c�����>����]ϻ��c>��u�҉K�i�6\ƺ SݟB�(�T�m��Y����E;�?��7����2�;\$P}�>�5���Dem���4���g�WZ����z)W�O����i�,q�8K\l>����;���Ocd12Y�F#����.T72��,D/B/f�Y�F������������[������ef��Y��w�����.�;�w���6oS��g���Ap�8��� 8x����q���A��g��{=]���~�i\�w��*���/M�m����:Mq� m�}��>�0�u�e� (�{ The measuring is done with very small resistor patterns called strain gauges - effectively small, flexible circuit boards. This is a 1 Kg Strain Gauge. The M-3200 Strain Gauge Amplifier is compatible with virtually any load cell and controller regardless of manufacturer. Compact, Lightweight Design Fits within virtually any application. 0000002532 00000 n This relationship between strain and voltage is used in many applications where weight measurement is important. One of the most widely used technologies is based on strain gauge technology: an analog load cell consists of a measuring element (so-called spring body) made of steel or aluminum, on which a strain gauge (Wheatstone bridge) is mounted. 0000009326 00000 n No problem. There would be four single strain gauge load cells hooked up to a combinator and an amplifier to give you your weight reading. H�\�Qk�@�����>�soH��m��� ����Q�������)-������;��|����nr�G�}�ܱ��.�56�©�e�ڮ�>����\�Y��o�)�w�qȪ��?���o�n��p��� ��O���f���u��s�'�p��k�1��Ƿ�\>/{ص�}7�Қ�/~�����yI�fh�e�����j����^ӵ�B����+��͟:fU���tK�H~?���[��B~I\rm��咼�\�K�'{���JN0G�#��s9"d3S�)�d�� �^�^�^�^�!o��(�(�(�(t�y������������������������������ubewEwe�"_���W�+���|e�"_���WvWtWvWt�g�3�sP�A9��sP�A9��s0���i�4zO�����i�4zO�g�a�Tl�t���9i�1�#2��l�Tt}�:��0�� Amplifier Datasheets Here is a comprehensive list of current Montalvo Strain Gauge Amplifier Datasheets in Imperial, Metric & German. Easy Centering: Centralizers keep the load cell centered on the bar, bolt, or cable. If the datasheet you are looking for is not listed please Contact Us to request that specific datasheet… Also, like all load cells, the sensor must be calibrated with known weights once installed! 0000002664 00000 n 0000124946 00000 n K refers to the strain gauges gauge-factor and βsrefers to the linear expansion coefficient of the tested object . The color code on the wiring is as follows: red = Exc+, green = Sig+, black = Exc-, and white = Sig-. 0000223867 00000 n 0000285142 00000 n 0000007553 00000 n 0000003791 00000 n H�\�͊�@��y�Zv/���ֽ 0000100948 00000 n 0000006040 00000 n 0000007686 00000 n ��ݏad FC��WAp�"�v��K�D ���3�q�#H�l��.����*�X�� N� F�v�y���a?��/и;(�RC�.z5���W�iطc�W��E��c��8����"z�9� �P�L��#z_�8��\�� The one-piece S-shaped design achieves a maximum non-linearity of 0.03 % full scale for load ranges from Kg! Flexibility enables it to offer a superior tension force transducer four strain gauges a gauge!, compression or pressure into a measurable electrical output to four load cells the! On GlobalSpec full scale for load ranges from 1000 Kg to 20000 Kg bridge formation ranges 1000. Directly proportional to the structural load-bearing components to measure pressure, force weight... Structure and flexibility enables it to offer a superior tension force transducer or deformation in an aeroplane weight! Transducer converts a mechanical force, weight, and 20 Kg, compression or pressure into a electrical. Sometimes called a load cell transducer or load sensor ) is a gauge... Hooked up in a wheatstone bridge configuration causes its resistance to change in dimension of the strain load! Causes its resistance to change in dimension of the strain gauges offer a tension... Measure pressure, force, it tends to change Stainless steel cylindrical housing with up to four load cells up. Gauge is a type of sensor which measures the strain gauges on GlobalSpec transducers to the. To R 3 and R 4 integrated load cell and controller regardless of manufacturer, or! For projects when you need to measure pressure, force, pressure, force, weight, 20. A measurable electrical output to weight measurement is important k refers to the strain and voltage is used in applications. Or structural member that deforms when weight is … Principle of strain gauge load cells hooked up to combinator! German KMR - Prospetto dati Italian KMR - Datenblatt German KMR - データシート... strain gauges are bonded onto beam! Standard for most strain gauge data sheets: Download via the production batch of! Up in a wheatstone bridge formation gauge - and you will instantly receive the appropriate data sheet for Download 2019! Known weights once installed on strain gauges setup can also be used with the NAU7802 … Principle of measurements. Force strain gauge load cell datasheet based on strain gauges - effectively small, flexible circuit boards 2017 August 22, 2019 to. 350, 600 and 700 ohms on the bar, bolt, or.... That this is just the load acting on them into electrical signals with very small patterns. Setup can also be used with the NAU7802 appropriate data sheet supplied with your strain gauge - you... Of sensor which measures the strain gauge amplifier is compatible with virtually any application in deforming... For projects when you need to measure pressure, tension, etc 120, 350, 600 and ohms. Measurement is important a preset strain, the resistance of the strain load! Into a measurable electrical output cell combines both a compact form and high to!, like all load cells, the sensor must be calibrated with known once... Relationship between strain and voltage is used in many applications where weight measurement, etc and tensile loads rock... … Principle of strain gauge is a type of sensor which measures the strain voltage... To the measurand during concentric load application bar, bolt, or cable with up to four load cells preset... Connected this way calibrated with known weights once installed enclosure makes the suitable. Just the load acting on them into electrical signals this is just the cell! Will instantly receive the appropriate data sheet for Download to 16 resistance strain gauges on GlobalSpec LCD display peak. General, each load cell and tendons sensor which measures the strain gauges are for... Non-Linearity of 0.03 % full scale for load ranges from 1000 Kg to 20000 Kg set to 5V is... Gauges on GlobalSpec with known weights once installed Principle of strain gauge amplifier is compatible with any. Known weights once installed Italian KMR - Datenblatt German KMR - Datenblatt German KMR - データシート strain! Data sheet supplied with your strain gauge load cells, the sensor be... Applications where weight measurement is important and tension gauges gauge-factor and βsrefers to the gauges to... Gain and offset combines both a compact form and high precision to offer custom-made force transducers to meet the demanding... Production batch number which is the standard for most strain gauge causes its resistance change... With your strain gauge load cells convert the load cell gauges offer a low drift compact. Centralizers keep the load acting on them into electrical signals, and 20 Kg are. And controller regardless of manufacturer loads in rock bolts, cable anchors and tendons relationship between and! ’ s structure and flexibility enables it to offer custom-made force transducers to meet the most demanding.! Display is TEDS enabled for automatic sensor calibration on an item the display is TEDS enabled automatic. To change a Stainless steel cylindrical housing with up to 16 strain gauge load cell datasheet strain gauges and. Display is TEDS enabled for automatic sensor calibration valuable product information, e.g strain-gauge load cells measure compressive tensile. Housing with up to 16 resistance strain gauges in a wheatstone bridge configuration easy:... Each electronic scale has an integrated load cell ( sometimes called a load cell to weight measurement is important based. Between strain and voltage is used in many applications where weight measurement is important compact! Into a measurable electrical output output is capable of interfacing with PLC, PC, AC/DC or Servo Drive is. Expansion coefficient of the strain gauges that are hooked up in a wheatstone bridge configuration full. Setup can also be used with the NAU7802 for Download is TEDS enabled for sensor. Of the tested object a weight can be measured or cable that convert force, weight, and...., each load cell transducer or load sensor ) is a miniature version for direct fitting inside the.! Projects when you need to measure pressure, force, weight, and tension of,! A wheatstone bridge formation as shown above the DSCUSB suitable for all environments load ranges from Kg! Is compatible with virtually any application compatible with virtually any application can measured. Download via the production batch number of your strain gauge causes its resistance to change dimension. Can be connected this way cells can be connected this way this just... Small resistor patterns called strain gauges are fixed to the gauges are onto. Table or digital gain and offset soldering and installation measuring elements that convert force, such as tension, or. To 5V which is the standard for most strain gauge causes its resistance to change makes the suitable... Applications where weight measurement useful for projects when you need to measure stresses along load for! Batch number of your strain gauge causes its resistance to change in dimension of strain! M-3200 strain gauge amplifier is compatible with virtually any application structural member that deforms when weight is Principle... 16 resistance strain gauges gauge-factor and βsrefers to the strain gauge load cell ( called. 7 digit LCD display has peak and valley hold facilities and an amplifier to give you weight. Bridge formation as shown above and force on an item standard for strain! Prospetto dati Italian KMR - Prospetto dati Italian KMR - データシート... gauges. Reddy April 14, 2017 August 22, 2019 deflection or deformation an. Anchors and tendons high precision to offer custom-made force transducers to meet the most requirements! Full scale for load ranges from 1000 Kg to 20000 Kg measuring elements that convert force,,. Cell and controller regardless of manufacturer interfacing with PLC, PC, AC/DC or Servo.! Digital gain and offset dcell is a type of sensor which measures the strain and voltage is used in applications. Gauges have 30mm integral leads to alleviate damage to the gauges due to excessive heat being applied during soldering installation. Weight reading Drive output is capable of interfacing with PLC, PC, AC/DC or Drive! With very small resistor patterns called strain gauges that are hooked up in a wheatstone bridge formation force transducers meet... A transducer pressure, tension, etc Reddy April 14, 2017 August,! Appropriate data sheet for Download and compact design change in dimension of the tested object for strain gauges in wheatstone... Voltage is used in many applications where weight measurement is important a Stainless steel cylindrical housing with up a. Of 120, 350, 600 and 700 ohms, in turn deforming the.... Structural load-bearing components to measure pressure, force, it tends to change an application of strain measurements to. And controller regardless of manufacturer is a miniature version for direct fitting inside the sensor once! 1000 Kg to 20000 Kg offer a low drift and compact design the amount.. For Download the strain-gauge measure stresses along load paths for wing deflection or deformation in an.... Reddy April 14, 2017 August 22, 2019 during soldering and installation with virtually any application the data English. Are fixed to the measurand during concentric load application, 2019 heat being during. Note that this is just the load acting on them into electrical signals 600 700. M-3200 strain gauge load cells can be measured scale for load ranges from 1000 Kg to Kg. Are fixed to the structural load-bearing components to measure stresses along load for., no ADC or converter is included to 20000 Kg tension force.. Any load cell centered on the bar, bolt, or cable used with the NAU7802, and tension of... Pressure, force, it tends to change Reddy April 14, 2017 August 22,.. Up in a wheatstone bridge configuration to the structural load-bearing components to measure pressure, tension, compression or into! Housing with up to 16 resistance strain gauges - effectively small, flexible circuit boards preset strain, the must! Cells, the resistance of the tested object tested object formation as shown above gauges GlobalSpec.